THE ROLE OF EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR IN INDUSTRY OUTCOME

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Organisational Behaviour (OB) refers to the field of study that focuses on analysing and understanding human behaviour within the context of organisations. It explores the relationship between individuals and the organisation, as well as the organisation as a whole. The primary focus of Organisational Behaviour researchers is to analyse the behaviour of individuals within their organisational roles. The primary objective of organisational behaviour is to rejuvenate organisational theory and enhance the understanding of organisational life through improved conceptualization.Organisational behaviour, being a multi-disciplinary field, has been shaped by various allied disciplines such as sociology, psychology, economics, and engineering. Additionally, the insights gained from practitioners' experiences have also played a significant role in influencing this field.

Leadership is a dynamic process that involves a leader's deliberate efforts to exert influence over their followers, with the aim of setting and achieving specific goals. The ability to lead others can be categorised into two main aspects: command and leadership. An act or instance of guiding refers to the process of providing direction, guidance, lead, or management. Examine the impact or lack thereof. Leadership can be defined as the systematic effort made by an individual to exert influence over others, either individuals or groups, with the aim of achieving a specific objective. Leadership holds significant importance in our society, particularly when it contributes to the accomplishment of goals that bring advantages to the population, such as the implementation of impactful preventive health policies. Individuals who possess leadership qualities have the potential to positively impact both organisations and the individuals within them. For instance, a teacher who actively seeks to enhance teaching materials and establish after-school programmes can contribute to the improvement of the educational institution. Similarly, an employee who generates innovative ideas and products and persuades others to invest in them can drive progress within the organisation. The demonstration of leadership can occur in various ways and situations. Parents, both mothers and fathers, play a crucial role in demonstrating leadership when it comes to nurturing their children's moral compass and fostering their personal growth and abilities. Teachers play a crucial role in motivating students to engage in learning and enhancing their intellectual abilities. Health care workers have the potential to assume leadership roles and contribute to the development of services that cater to the specific needs of the communities they serve. Additionally, they can collaborate with other organisations to establish programmes and services that prioritise prevention and are cost-effective. Extensive research has been conducted, resulting in numerous studies, books, and articles dedicated to exploring this particular subject. A consistent set of leadership attributes has been identified through this work. An effective leader typically demonstrates a majority, if not all, of the following qualities and behaviours: The process should be critically evaluated and questioned in order to identify potential areas for improvement and innovation. The user expresses a desire to actively seek out difficult opportunities, be willing to take risks, and view mistakes as learning opportunities.

Encourage collective collaboration and consensus-building by fostering a shared vision for the future. This can be achieved through forward-thinking, cultivating a robust and optimistic vision, and actively engaging others in the process. Facilitate the process of empowering individuals to take action and foster a sense of unity and teamwork. This can be achieved by fostering the development of common objectives and cultivating trust among individuals. Additionally, support others in their personal growth by motivating them to enhance their abilities and showcase their talents. Demonstrate a model behaviour by consistently acting in accordance with stated values. Additionally, support others in attaining incremental successes to maintain their motivation, particularly when a desired outcome may take time to accomplish.

It is important to foster a culture of encouragement and recognition within a team. By acknowledging and appreciating the contributions made by each individual, we can enhance the overall success of a project. An alternative approach to defining leadership is to consider the qualities and attributes that individuals value in those who are acknowledged as leaders. The majority of individuals have the ability to identify people whom they perceive as leaders. According to research conducted in the 1980s by James Kouzes and Barry Posner, it was discovered that a significant number of individuals tend to hold admiration for and willingly follow individuals who possess qualities such as honesty, forward-thinking, inspiration, and competence.Individuals seeking to develop leadership skills can benefit from understanding that leadership is not limited to a select few individuals with exceptional skills and attributes. Leadership is not an inherent trait, but rather a dynamic process that can be acquired through the development of specific skills.

The term "leadership" encompasses the concept of guiding and directing others. Entities that engage in one or more acts of leadership.  According to Kouzes (2002), leadership is not defined by a specific location or position, nor is it an exclusive code that only a select few can understand. Leadership can be defined as a collection of skills and abilities that can be observed and measured. It is evident that individuals vary in their proficiency levels in the mentioned activity. Leadership is commonly understood as the capacity to exert influence over the actions and conduct of others.

The definition of leadership in organisations can be broadened by acknowledging that leaders exert influence within a working group to help the group accomplish its tasks or objectives. According to T. Lucy (1997), leadership can be seen as an everyday art that requires the ability to effectively lead and interact with individuals. The success of ruling new dominions depends on two key factors: the individual's ability to effectively exercise power and the presence of favourable circumstances that can be exploited. Organisational issues arise when members have conflicting perspectives on the goals they aim to achieve and the concept of leadership. Leadership is a term that encompasses the actions and behaviours exhibited by individuals within an organisation. The relationship between leadership and management is characterised by their ability to envision and understand the potential achievements of an organisation when they prioritise the quality of recognition. Leadership is often defined as the various sources of influence that are inherent in a position within an organisational hierarchy. The factors that contribute to organisational influence can be categorised into several key elements. These elements encompass rewards and punishments that are officially endorsed by the organisation, the presence of authority, as well as the influence derived from referent and expert power. The reference "Katz and Kahn 1966, p.32" is provided. It is possible to observe that some subordinates within the organisation do not seem to appreciate the extent of influence that exists beyond the organisation.                                                    

Leadership plays a crucial role in organisations as it has a significant impact on the overall functioning and success of the organisation. The traits and qualities exhibited by a leader directly contribute to the achievements and outcomes of the organisation. Leadership encompasses the primary source of power and possesses the capacity to effectively influence others and foster innovation in decision-making. Bennis and Nanus argue that a significant number of organisations suffer from excessive management and insufficient leadership. The distinction is significant: managers focus on executing tasks correctly, while leaders prioritise consistently making the correct decisions. Every organisation is likely to encounter problems, and the process of decision making often leads to conflicts when implementing policies. The expectation is for individuals to engage in coordination. The methods employed to accomplish organisational objectives. According to Bavelas (1960:p491), leadership acts can be defined as actions that assist a group in achieving its stated objectives.The act of controlling other people involves uncertainty reduction. This means making choices that allow the organisation to move towards its objectives, despite internal and external factors. The effectiveness of leadership can be analysed based on certain characteristics, such as the use of forceful threats, a strong assertion of authority over subordinates, and a sense of responsibility that is derived from and adapted to different situations.

In contemporary society, it is important to recognise that productivity can be influenced not only by rewards and incentives, but also by a sense of belonging. The presence of inadequate leadership qualities within an organisation can have detrimental effects on both the subordinates and the overall achievement of organisational goals. The presence of growth and forward-thinking within an organisation can be attributed to effective leadership, while a lack of these qualities can indicate poor or declining leadership.The concept of leadership is intrinsically tied to the specific circumstances at hand. There is an increasing recognition of the ongoing interplay among various factors in a given situation. These factors include the leader's personal characteristics, the tasks at hand, the environment, the technology being used, and the attitudes, motivation, and behaviour of the followers.

1.2       STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM   

The purpose of this investigation is to examine the impact of different leadership styles on organisational behaviour in finance-oriented and services-oriented organisations. The goal is to determine how these leadership styles affect the management and employees within the case organisation. The study aims to assess the various factors of leadership, including traits such as intelligence, initiative, imagination, and communication, as well as skills like analytical, diagnostic, and conceptual abilities. Additionally, it seeks to examine the influence of status, recognition, and situational factors on leadership culture within the case organisation. The ultimate goal is to determine the extent to which these factors contribute to achieving the organisational objectives, specifically in terms of efficiency and profit growth. The purpose of this inquiry is to analyse and determine the most effective leadership style among autocratic, democratic, paternalistic, and laissez-faire within the case organisation. The goal is to understand how each style influences management and employees.

The purpose of the investigation is to analyse and compare the relationship between leadership and organisational behaviour in finance and service-oriented organisations. The goal is to determine whether this relationship has a positive or negative impact on work performance. The study aims to establish a correlation between leadership style and organisational behaviour among management and employees.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The primary objective of this study is as follows

1. To examine leadership style and how it affects employee productivity

2. To determine the effect of leadership style and their basic relationship with organizational behaviour

3. To investigate the adoption of any best leadership style that will suit the organization for effective productivity

4. To proffer possible solution on the best leadership styles an organization can use in other to drive employee productivity.

1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The following hypothesis have been formulated for this study

H01: leadership style does not have an effect on employee productivity

H01: organizational behaviour does not affect employee productivity.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of this study is basically a definite scope which will help elicit all the problems and effect of different leadership styles. Also, it will assist in highlighting how management and employees react under stereotyped condition. In addition, all the aforementioned and determined effects, problems and solutions will be critically viewed to serve as possible recommendations to today‘s manager who may be willing to employ a particular leadership style. It will forestall a better situation for the leader to select best type of leadership system.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study will examine The Impact Of Leadership And Organizational Behaviour On Employees Productivity and also examine leadership style and how it affects employee productivity as it will determine the effect of leadership style and their basic relationship with organizational behaviour. Hence this study will be delimited to Polaris Bank Abuja.

1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

In pursing this investigation and study, lots of impediments and obstruction were encountered as the research progressed. All these impediments brought about a conspicuous clause with the research work. They include, lack of relevant data due to poor respondent, time constraint and financial conditions.

Lack of relevant data: The design of the study was negatively affected by the nature of respondent, which was projected by the workers within the case organization. The non-nonchalant attitude of most employees approached, sample of the studying population was discouraging relevant information needed for the research was not made available easily to the researcher while the available information were censored before being allowed to be used.

A. TIME CONSTRAINT: Time was also limited to the researcher in carrying out the study effectively and efficiently. Time constraint was experienced under dual stages. One was with the sample under population study. They either schedule appointment that they cannot meet up with or complain of limited time within their work though they are willing to respond. In addition, the other was with the researcher. The research is being carried out within limited semester time table, which include the understudy of other aspect of the course being read. This created a situation of not rescheduling meetings for more comprehensive interviews as may have been required.

B. FINANCIAL CONDITION: Financial condition prevailing within the economic system was a serious impediment. This includes transportation fare to and from school to the case organizations. Also that of extracting the essential information either through printing or photocopying of relevant materials. Finance, thus contributed immensely to limit the entire scope of the research. Although all these obstructions were envisaged and experienced, efforts were made to carry on with the research to achieve the expected and desired result.